This unit looks at Paul’s Letter to the Romans, considering its historical context, themes, and points of contemporary investigation. The course will cover the entire English text, with chapters 1-8 of the Greek text being covered by the Greek language options.
The following lists of desired outcomes are from the ACT Undergraduate (ACT 2015b) and Graduate (ACT 2015a) Handbooks.
A. Know and understand:
B. In order to determine the meaning of the text of Romans, be able to:
C. Be in a position to:
A. Know and understand:
B. In order to determine the meaning of the text of Romans, be able to:
C. Be in a position to:
A. Know and understand:
B. In order to determine the meaning of the text of Romans, be able to:
C. Be in a position to:
A. Know and understand:
B. In order to determine the meaning of the text of Romans, be able to:
C. Be in a position to:
My name is Tim Finney and I am very happy to be teaching this unit on Paul’s Letter to the Romans. I have a varied background, having done physics, theology, and computing. You can see some of my work at my website.
| Week | Date | 8.30 am | 9.30 am | 10.30 am | 11.30 am |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | July 26 | Greek (1.1-17) | Introduction | Exegesis (1.1-17) | Exegesis (1.18-32) |
| 2 | Aug 2 | Greek (1.18-32) | Four Pillars | Exegesis (2.1-16) | Exegesis (2.17-3.8) |
| 3 | Aug 9 | Greek (2.1-16) | Exegesis (3.9-31) | Seminar 1: Author (Sally) | Exegesis (4.1-12) |
| 4 | Aug 16 | Greek (2.17-3.8) | Exegesis (4.13-25) | Seminar 2: Occasion (Braden, Royce) | Exegesis (5.1-11) |
| 5 | Aug 23 | Greek (3.9-31) | Exegesis (5.12-21) | Seminar 3: Audience (Graham) | Exegesis (6.1-14) |
| Study week | |||||
| 6 | Sep 6 | Greek (4.1-12) | Exegesis (6.15-7.6) | Seminar 4: Thought world (John) | Exegesis (7.7-25) |
| 7 | Sep 13 | Greek (4.13-25) | Exegesis (8.1-17) | Seminar 5: Mechanics (Kim, Ivan) | Exegesis (8.18-39) |
| 8 | Sep 20 | Greek (5.1-21) | Exegesis (9.1-18) | Seminar 6: Transmission (Tim F) | Exegesis (9.19-10.4) |
| 9 | Sep 27 | Greek (6.1-14) | Exegesis (10.5-21) | Seminar 7: Rhetoric (Douglas S) | Exegesis (11.1-16) |
| Study week | |||||
| 10 | Oct 11 | Greek (6.15-7.6) | Exegesis (11.17-36) | Graduate seminar (TBA) | Exegesis (12.1-16) |
| 11 | Oct 18 | Greek (7.7-25) | Exegesis (12.17-13.7) | Seminar 8: God’s righteousness (Noel) | Exegesis (13.8-14.12) |
| 12 | Oct 25 | Greek (8.1-17) | Exegesis (14.13-15.13) | Seminar 9: Paul’s heartbreak (Ben) | Exegesis (15.14-33) |
| 13 | Nov 1 | Greek (8.18-39) | Exegesis (16.1-16) | Seminar 10: Women (Owen) | Exegesis (16.17-27) |
See the Assessment section below.
For each exegesis session, all good students read a Bible text and corresponding section of a commentary for the allotted part of Romans. (Selected commentaries are listed under the exegesis part of the assignments section.)
For each seminar session, all diligent students read relevant parts of a reference listed under the corresponding seminar or graduate study assignment description.
For each Greek translation session, all right-minded Greek option students come prepared to translate the relevant part of Romans. Any old Greek text will do. My personal favourite is the UBS Greek New Testament (Aland et al. 2014) that includes a Greek-English dictionary (ISBN 978-3-438-05118-9).
| Type | Date | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| Administrative date | 5 August 2016 | After this date, variation of enrolment fee applies but up-front fee repaid and no FEE-HELP liability. |
| Census date | 31 August 2016 | FEE-HELP liability; no refund; if withdrawing after this then grade of W without academic penalty. |
| Withdrawal date | 16 September 2016 | After this date, grade of WF with academic penalty. |
| End date | 15 Nov 2016 | Date by which final assessments are due. |
Selected references for assignments are listed under the assignment descriptions below. Students can use these as a starting point when preparing their assignments.
The following books will be held under closed reserve so all have a chance to use them. Headings correspond to the assignment descriptions.
The Romans Debate (Donfried 1991)
Junia: The First Woman Apostle (Epp 2005)
The Future of Early Christianity (Epp 1991)
Introduction to New Testament Studies (Moore 1994)
A Woman’s Place: House Churches In Earliest Christianity (Osiek, MacDonald, and Tulloch 2005)
No Women in Holy Orders? (Wijngaards 2002)
New Testament Rhetoric (Witherington III 2009)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Witherington III and Hyatt 2004)
Reading Romans through the Centuries: From the Early Church to Karl Barth (Greenman and Larsen 2005)
Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification (McGrath 2005)
Christian Theology: An Introduction (McGrath 2011)
Paul’s Concept of Justification: God’s Gift of a Right Relationship (Moore 2015)
The Greek New Testament (Aland et al. 2014)
A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Metzger 2005)
A Translator’s Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Newman and Nida 1973)
The Letter of Paul to the Romans (Bruce 1985)
How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth (Fee and Stuart 2014)
The Epistle to the Romans (Longenecker 2016)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Witherington III and Hyatt 2004)
The Vose Library is a great asset. Besides printed books and journals, much is available electronically. A wide range of journal abstracts is accessible online, with full texts available in many cases. If you are not familiar with the Library’s resources and how to search, see the Library Tutorials link in the Student Administration block of Moodle. You are also welcome to call or email the Librarian for assistance.
It is a Vose and ACT requirement that all set assignments be completed in order to pass a unit. Students must gain a mark of 50% overall to receive a passing grade for the unit.
Work submitted after the due date will be penalised unless prior application has been made on the “Application for Extension” form and permission given:
If an application for extension has not been submitted and approved, 3% of the total possible marks for the assessment item will be deducted per calendar day, up to 14 days.
Items submitted more than 14 calendar days late will be given a mark of 0%; however, it will be viewed as having been ‘submitted’. It is an ACT requirement that in order to pass a unit, students must submit all assessment pieces. Failure to submit an assessment item will result in an automatic ‘fail’ for the unit.
Refer to the Vose Guide to the Presentation of Essays (Vose Faculty 2016) for procedures for late submission.
All components are assessed by the unit lecturers. It is a requirement that a sample of student work from each unit be sent to an external moderator to assess the level of marking.
It is expected that all essays will conform to the Vose Guide to the Presentation of Essays (Vose Faculty 2016), which incorporates ACT requirements. This includes a statement on the use of non-discriminatory language. Students should also take note of the section in the Vose Guide on “Plagiarism, Collusion and Cheating”.
Results for both individual assignments and the unit as a whole will be given in letter grades only. The following scale is used:
See the Vose website for learning outcomes associated with each grade at respective levels.
When each assignment is completed, please upload an electronic copy as a PDF document to the appropriate place on Moodle. (Do not email assignments to the online tutor or lecturer). Each assignment should have a file name in the following format: Surname_ACT/Vose ID number_ Unit code_ Assessment number (e.g. surname_NT429_1.pdf). The assignment number should match those below. Remember to include an abstract if over 1500 words, and a bibliography of items used. (See Vose Guide for examples.)
There is a selection of books on Closed Reserve in the library. In the preparation of assignments, it is expected that students will use relevant material from Closed Reserve, from references listed under the assessment section, and material discovered through the Library.
Each unit has three assignments. None may cover the same passages or dominant themes as another, and each must include a bibliography. Each seminar and graduate study assignment includes essay and class presentation components.
Due dates are given in the tables below. Seminar essays are due the day before the corresponding seminar. See the class schedule for seminar dates.
| Item | Word count | Value (%) | Due date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seminar | 1500 | 25 | day before seminar |
| Bible study | 1500 | 25 | 10 Oct 2016 |
| Exegesis | 3000 | 50 | 15 Nov 2016 |
| Item | Word count | Value (%) | Due date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seminar | 1500 | 25 | day before seminar |
| Translation | 1500 | 25 | 5 Sep 2016 |
| Exegesis | 3000 | 50 | 15 Nov 2016 |
| Item | Word count | Value (%) | Due date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Seminar | 1750 | 25 | day before seminar |
| Graduate study | 1750 | 25 | 10 Oct 2016 |
| Exegesis | 3500 | 50 | 15 Nov 2016 |
| Item | Word count | Value (%) | Due date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Translation | 1750 | 25 | 5 Sep 2016 |
| Graduate study | 1750 | 25 | 10 Oct 2016 |
| Exegesis | 3500 | 50 | 15 Nov 2016 |
Assessment for seminar and graduate study assignments is split between an essay (80%) and a class presentation (20%). The class presentation should cover the main aspects of the topic and leave time for class discussion. Prepare a one or two page summary (i.e. class handout) which includes the main points and a bibliography of resources you found helpful.
You are strongly encouraged to use your imagination to make the presentation memorable. Use your creative powers to make the topic come to life using whatever props you like. Get into character and use the art of rhetoric to win your audience. Split the class into opposing parties to fight over some contentious point with you adding fuel to the fire. Paint a picture, play a song, do a role play. Don’t worry if you can’t think of anything: sometimes the topic makes it hard to think of anything to liven up a presentation. However, in terms of being memorable, anything is better than a talking head.
Topics will be assigned in the first week, giving due consideration to student preferences. (Don’t worry about the “Transmission” seminar as I am doing that one.) A few references are listed after each topic in the seminar and graduate study sections below. They are listed by (first) author’s first name, not importance, so don’t just look at the first because it may not be the best one.
Those not presenting should choose at least one reference and read the relevant parts. (You will have to work out what parts are relevant.)
If you are writing an essay then regard the references listed below as a mere starting point for your own deeper investigation. You would be well advised to go to the Library and find references that specifically focus on the topic. If you can find recent journal articles on the topic then their references will provide useful material for your own bibliography. (I will be looking to see if you list journal articles in your references.) An important part of your service to fellow students is to produce a bibliography of useful references to include in the class handout for your presentation. (Less than five items may be too few, but please don’t give us a search dump to make up the numbers. Know thy references!)
Write an essay and do a class presentation on one of the following topics.
When was Romans written? Why was Romans written? What were Paul’s motives, aspirations, and strategic intentions with respect to the letter’s intended audience?
References:
The Romans Debate (Donfried 1991)
Romans (Edwards 1991)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Kruse 2012)
Romans (Matera, Parsons, and Talbert 2010)
The Message of Romans (Stott 2001)
Who was Romans written to? What does the letter indicate about the audience? The letter even tells us some of their names. Do those names tell us anything? What was the class structure of Rome? What proportion of Rome’s inhabitants were slaves? Were there any slaves in the audience?
References:
The Romans Debate (Donfried 1991)
Focusing on Paul : Persuasion and Theological Design in Romans and Galatians (Du Toit, Du Toit, and Breytenbach 2007)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Kruse 2012)
Introduction to New Testament Studies (Moore 1994)
Reading Romans in Pompeii (Oakes 2009)
Reading Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Sumney 2012)
What kind of thought world did the average Roman inhabit? What powers were feared (and why)? What were the prevalent schools of thought? What was regarded as authoritative, something to be obeyed? What were the prevalent belief systems? What does Paul mean when he talks about Jews, Greeks, gentiles, and barbarians?
References:
Focusing on Paul : Persuasion and Theological Design in Romans and Galatians (Du Toit, Du Toit, and Breytenbach 2007)
The Theology of Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Haacker 2003)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Kruse 2012)
Paul and the Politics of Difference (Lee 2014)
Introduction to New Testament Studies (Moore 1994)
Reading Romans in Pompeii (Oakes 2009)
“Religion in ancient Rome” (“Religion in Ancient Rome” 2016)
Reading Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Sumney 2012)
Where was the Letter to the Romans written? How long would it have taken to write? What did it look like once written? Who carried the letter to its destination? How long would that have taken? Who would have read the letter to the intended audience? What is the writer’s name? What is the reader’s name? (Consider the role of letter carrier in the Graeco-Roman world.)
References:
“Getting Romans to the Right Romans: Phoebe and the Delivery of Paul’s Letters” (Chapple 2011)
“New Testament Papyrus Manuscripts and Letter Carrying in Greco-Roman Times” (Epp 1991)
Books and Readers in the Early Church (Gamble 1997)
“Named letter-carriers among the Oxyrhynchus Papyri” (Head 2009)
“Sending Letters in the Ancient World: Paul and the Philippians” (Llewelyn 1995)
How was Romans delivered to us? What mishaps happened on the way? Who is to blame? Is what we received the same as what was sent?
References:
“How did we get Hebrews?” (Finney 2005)
“Mapping Textual Space” (Finney 2010)
“How To Discover Textual Groups” (Finney 2013)
“Views of New Testament Textual Space” (Finney 2016)
What in the (Graeco-Roman) world is rhetoric? Who learnt it? Why did they learn it? What are some of the rhetorical devices they learned? What kind of rhetoric is found in Romans?
References:
The Romans Debate (Donfried 1991)
Focusing on Paul : Persuasion and Theological Design in Romans and Galatians (Du Toit, Du Toit, and Breytenbach 2007)
Reading Romans : A Literary and Theological Commentary (Johnson 2001)
Romans (Keener 2009)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Kruse 2012)
New Testament Rhetoric (Witherington III 2009)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Witherington III and Hyatt 2004)
What are the different ways in which the “righteousness of God” can be understood. Which ones fit with God doing what is right? Can a person attain God’s righteousness? If so, how? What are the prerequisites? Is this fair?
References:
“By Faith” (Ashley 2002)
The Theology of Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Haacker 2003)
God, Grace, and Righteousness in Wisdom of Solomon and Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Linebaugh 2013)
Paul’s Concept of Justification: God’s Gift of a Right Relationship (Moore 2015)
Reading Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Sumney 2012)
Has God turned his back on Paul’s people? Has he hardened Israel to have mercy on everyone else? Would this sound right to the people who first heard it? Does it sound right to people who hear it today?
References:
The Word is Near You (Bekken 2007)
The Romans Debate (Donfried 1991)
An Unjust God? (Ellul 2012)
To the Jew First or to the Jew at Last? (Fritz 2013)
The Theology of Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Haacker 2003)
Encountering the Book of Romans (Moo and Elwell 2014)
Reading Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Sumney 2012)
What status did women enjoy in the Graeco-Roman world? Could they read? What social conventions were in force with respect to women addressing an audience? What proportion of the people named at the end of Romans are women? What are their roles? What does this say about the Roman church?
References:
“Getting Romans to the Right Romans: Phoebe and the Delivery of Paul’s Letters” (Chapple 2011)
Junia: The First Woman Apostle (Epp 2005)
Reading Romans in Pompeii (Oakes 2009)
A Woman’s Place: House Churches In Earliest Christianity (Osiek, MacDonald, and Tulloch 2005)
No Women in Holy Orders? (Wijngaards 2002)
New Testament Rhetoric (Witherington III 2009)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Witherington III and Hyatt 2004)
Write an essay and do a class presentation on historical developments in interpreting the text of Romans with respect to one of these doctrines:
Identify a handful of major players in the developments and controversies from patristic to modern times (e.g. Pelagius, Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham for the doctrine of grace). Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of their views in order to form your own conclusions on the topic.
References:
Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans (Abelard and Cartwright 2011)
Reading Romans with St. Thomas Aquinas (Dauphinais and Levering 2012)
Focusing on Paul : Persuasion and Theological Design in Romans and Galatians (Du Toit, Du Toit, and Breytenbach 2007)
The Power of God : A Jonathan Edwards Commentary on the Book of Romans (Edwards, Lovi, and Westerhoff 2013)
Reading Romans through the Centuries: From the Early Church to Karl Barth (Greenman and Larsen 2005)
The Theology of Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Haacker 2003)
Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification (McGrath 2005)
Christian Theology: An Introduction (McGrath 2011)
Paul’s Concept of Justification: God’s Gift of a Right Relationship (Moore 2015)
Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Books 6-10 (Origen and Scheck 2002)
Write a Bible study on one of the following passages of Romans:
1.1-15, 3.21-31, 5.1-11, 5.12-21, 9.19-29, 11.1-10, 11.25-36
Focus on analysing and investigating the text, drawing out its meaning and seeking its true sense rather than the particular wording you would use to deliver these insights to an audience. That is, concentrate on the “exegetical skeleton rather than the expository flesh”, to quote Steve McAlpine. The study must include:
A short description of your audience and the setting. (This should comprise no more than 10% of the total.)
Exegetical notes on the relationship of the passage to the broader context; the main thrust and purpose of the passage; issues relating to textual variants, the historical setting, and the cultural background of the people to whom the Epistle was addressed; theological issues; a strategy for handling any contentious or hurtful issues that may be raised; applications of the text which are appropriate for your audience.
References:
See the references under the exegesis assignment description.
Translate two Greek passages from the following list:
1.1-15, 3.21-31, 5.1-11, 5.12-21
Include these things:
[NT639 only] In addition, discuss (in the space of about 250 words) the alternative meanings, possible causes, supporting witnesses, and ramifications of one of the following textual variants listed in the UBS Greek New Testament’s apparatus of Romans:
1.29, 1.31, 2.16, 3.12, 3.22, 3.25, 4.1, 5.1, 6.4, 6.12, 7.14, 7.18, 7.25, 8.1, 8.2, 8.11, 8.28, 8.38
References:
The Greek New Testament (Aland et al. 2014)
A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (Metzger 2005)
A Translator’s Handbook on Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Newman and Nida 1973)
Write an exegesis of one of the following passages of Romans:
1.18-32, 2.1-16, 2.17-29, 4.1-12, 4.13-25, 6.1-14, 7.7-25, 8.1-17, 8.18-30, 9.1-18, 10.5-21, 11.11-24
The exegesis must include:
References:
These are listed in order of the (first) author’s surname, not importance. Please read across commentaries to get a range of perspectives. Fee and Stuart’s How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth has valuable lessons on doing exegesis.
The Letter of Paul to the Romans (Bruce 1985)
Romans (Edwards 1991)
How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth (Fee and Stuart 2014)
Reading Romans : A Literary and Theological Commentary (Johnson 2001)
Romans (Keener 2009)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Kruse 2012)
The Epistle to the Romans (Longenecker 2016)
Romans (Matera, Parsons, and Talbert 2010)
Romans (Mounce 1995)
Romans (Pate, Strauss, and Walton 2013)
The Message of Romans (Stott 2001)
Paul’s Letter to the Romans (Witherington III and Hyatt 2004)
All students should familiarise themselves with the Vose Guide to the Presentation of Essays (Vose Faculty 2016), which incorporates ACT requirements.
Please refer to the Vose website for handbooks, policy documents, fees and payments, calendars, timetables, and Australian College of Theology learning outcomes.
Abelard, Peter, and Steven R. Cartwright. 2011. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans. The Fathers of the Church. Mediaeval Continuation. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=500937&site=ehost-live.
ACT, ed. 2015a. Graduate and Postgraduate Coursework Handbook 2016. Sydney: ACT. http://www.actheology.edu.au/handbooks_postgraduate.php.
———, ed. 2015b. Undergraduate Handbook 2016. Sydney: ACT. http://www.actheology.edu.au/handbooks_undergraduate.php.
Aland, Barbara, Kurt Aland, Johannes Karavidopoulos, Carlo M. Martini, and Bruce Metzger, eds. 2014. The Greek New Testament. 5th ed. Stuttgart: United Bible Societies.
Ashley, Evelyn. 2002. “By Faith.” In What Does the Text Actually Say? A Festschrift in Honour of Dr Richard K. Moore. Interweb: Halotype. http://www.halotype.com/RKM/.
Bekken, Per Jarle. 2007. The Word Is Near You: A Study of Deuteronomy 30: 12-14 in Paul's Letter to the Romans in a Jewish Context. Berlin ; New York: Walter de Gruyter.
Bruce, F. F. 1985. The Letter of Paul to the Romans: An Introduction and Commentary. 2nd ed. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Leicester, England: IVP.
Chapple, Allan. 2011. “Getting Romans to the Right Romans: Phoebe and the Delivery of Paul's Letters.” Tyndale Bulletin 62 (2): 195–214. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/Bulletin/62=2011/03_Chapple.pdf.
Dauphinais, Michael, and Matthew Levering. 2012. Reading Romans with St. Thomas Aquinas. Washington, District of Columbia: Catholic University of America Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=943639&site=ehost-live.
Donfried, Karl P., ed. 1991. The Romans Debate. Rev. expanded ed. Peabody, Mass: Hendrickson Pub.
Du Toit, A. B., David S. Du Toit, and Cilliers Breytenbach. 2007. Focusing on Paul : Persuasion and Theological Design in Romans and Galatians. Beihefte Zur Zeitschrift Für Die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft Und Die Kunde Der Älteren Kirche. Berlin: De Gruyter. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=557591&site=ehost-live.
Edwards, James R. 1991. Romans. Grand Rapids: Baker Books. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/detail.action?docID=799478.
Edwards, Jonathan, David S Lovi, and Benjamin Westerhoff. 2013. The Power of God : A Jonathan Edwards Commentary on the Book of Romans. Cambridge: Casemate Publishers and Book Distributors, LLC. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=813813&site=ehost-live.
Ellul, Jacques. 2012. An Unjust God? : A Christian Theology of Israel in Light of Romans 9-11. Eugene, Ore: Cascade Books. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=855928&site=ehost-live.
Epp, Eldon Jay. 1991. “New Testament Papyrus Manuscripts and Letter Carrying in Greco-Roman Times.” In The Future of Early Christianity: Essays in Honor of Helmut Koester, 35–56. Minneapolis: Fortress.
———. 2005. Junia: The First Woman Apostle. Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
Fee, Gordon D., and Douglas Stuart. 2014. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth. 4th ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan.
Finney, Timothy J. 2005. “How Did We Get Hebrews?” The Letter to the Hebrews. http://www.tfinney.net/Hebrews/index.html#d0e1590.
———. 2010. “Mapping Textual Space.” TC 15. http://rosetta.reltech.org/TC/v15/Mapping/index.html.
———. 2013. “How To Discover Textual Groups.” http://www.tfinney.net/Groups/index.xhtml.
———. 2016. “Views of New Testament Textual Space.” http://www.tfinney.net/Views/index.xhtml.
Fritz, Antoine X. J. 2013. To the Jew First or to the Jew at Last?: Romans 1:16c and Jewish Missional Priority in Dialogue with Jews for Jesus. Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=852860&site=ehost-live.
Gamble, Harry Y. 1997. Books and Readers in the Early Church: A History of Early Christian Texts. New Haven u.a.: Yale University Press.
Greenman, Jeffrey P., and Timothy Larsen, eds. 2005. Reading Romans Through the Centuries: From the Early Church to Karl Barth. Grand Rapids, Mich: Brazos Press.
Haacker, Klaus. 2003. The Theology of Paul's Letter to the Romans. Cambridge, UK ; New York: Cambridge University Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=125009&site=ehost-live.
Head, Peter M. 2009. “Named Letter-Carriers Among the Oxyrhynchus Papyri.” Journal for the Study of the New Testament 31 (3): 279–99. doi:10.1177/0142064X08101525.
Johnson, Luke Timothy. 2001. Reading Romans : A Literary and Theological Commentary. Reading the New Testament Series. Macon, Ga: Smyth & Helwys Publishing. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=634985&site=ehost-live.
Keener, Craig S. 2009. Romans : A New Covenant Commentary. New Covenant Commentary Series. Cambridge: The Lutterworth Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=813805&site=ehost-live.
Kruse, Colin G. 2012. Paul's Letter to the Romans. The Pillar New Testament Commentary. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=584771&site=ehost-live.
Lee, Jae Won. 2014. Paul and the Politics of Difference: A Contextual Study of the Jewish-Gentile Difference in Galatians and Romans. Eugene, Oregon: Pickwick Publications. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/reader.action?docID=1977130.
Linebaugh, Jonathan A. 2013. God, Grace, and Righteousness in Wisdom of Solomon and Paul's Letter to the Romans : Texts in Conversation. Supplements to Novum Testamentum. Boston: Brill. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=641317&site=ehost-live.
Llewelyn, Stephen Robert. 1995. “Sending Letters in the Ancient World: Paul and the Philippians.” Tyndale Bulletin 46 (2): 337–56. http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_1995_46_2_07_Llewelyn_SendingLetters_Philp.pdf.
Longenecker, Richard N. 2016. The Epistle to the Romans. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Eerdmans.
Matera, Frank J., Mikeal Parsons, and Charles Talbert. 2010. Romans. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/detail.action?docID=3117011.
McGrath, Alister E. 2005. Iustitia Dei: A History of the Christian Doctrine of Justification. 3rd edition. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.
———. 2011. Christian Theology: An Introduction. 5th ed. Chichester, West Sussex, U.K. ; Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Metzger, Bruce M. 2005. A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament. 2nd ed. Hendrickson Publishers.
Moo, Douglas J., and Walter Elwell. 2014. Encountering the Book of Romans: A Theological Survey. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Academic. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/reader.action?docID=3117478.
Moore, Richard K. 2015. Paul's Concept of Justification: God's Gift of a Right Relationship. Wipf & Stock.
———, ed. 1994. Introduction to New Testament Studies. 2nd ed. Perth: Baptist Theological College of Western Australia.
Mounce, Robert. 1995. Romans: An Exegetical and Theological Exposition of Holy Scripture. Nashville, Tenn.: Holman Reference. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/detail.action?docID=665097.
Newman, Barclay M., and Eugene A. Nida. 1973. A Translator's Handbook on Paul's Letter to the Romans. London; Stuttgart, W. Germany: American Bible Society.
Oakes, Peter. 2009. Reading Romans In Pompeii: Paul's Letter at Ground Level. London: SPCK. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/reader.action?docID=868593.
Origen, and Thomas P. Scheck. 2002. Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans, Books 6-10. The Fathers of the Church: A New Translation. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=498828&site=ehost-live.
Osiek, Carolyn, Margaret Y. MacDonald, and Janet H. Tulloch. 2005. A Woman's Place: House Churches In Earliest Christianity. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Fortress Publishers.
Pate, C. Marvin, Mark Strauss, and John Walton. 2013. Romans. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/reader.action?docID=1040675.
“Paul the Apostle.” 2016. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_the_Apostle&oldid=726605763.
“Religion in Ancient Rome.” 2016. Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_ancient_Rome&oldid=725748805.
Stott, John. 2001. The Message of Romans: God's Good News for the World. Leicester, England ; Downers Grove, Ill: IVP Academic. http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/vose/reader.action?docID=2033646.
Sumney, Jerry L. 2012. Reading Paul's Letter to the Romans. Resources for Biblical Study. Atlanta: SBL Press. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=547780&site=ehost-live.
Vose Faculty, ed. 2016. “Guide to the Presentation of Essays.” Vose Seminary. http://www.vose.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/guide-to-the-presentation-of-essays-v-3-04.pdf.
Wallace, Quency E. 2002. “The Early Life and Background of Paul the Apostle.” The American Journal of Biblical Theology. http://www.biblicaltheology.com/Research/WallaceQ01.html.
Wijngaards, John N. M. 2002. No Women in Holy Orders?: The Women Deacons of the Early Church. Norwich: Canterbury Press Norwich.
Windsor, Lionel J. 2014. Paul and the Vocation of Israel : How Paul's Jewish Identity Informs His Apostolic Ministry, with Special Reference to Romans. Beiheft Zur Zeitschrift Für Die Neutestamentliche Wissenschaft. Berlin: De Gruyter. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=753968&site=ehost-live.
Witherington III, Ben. 2009. New Testament Rhetoric: An Introductory Guide to the Art of Persuasion in and of the New Testament. Eugene, Or: Wipf & Stock.
Witherington III, Ben, and Darlene Hyatt. 2004. Paul's Letter to the Romans: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans.